Our school
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sabato 27 giugno 2009
venerdì 26 giugno 2009
giovedì 25 giugno 2009
How do you teach your students about music?
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India
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Geometry
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Geometry
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mercoledì 24 giugno 2009
venerdì 19 giugno 2009
mercoledì 17 giugno 2009
Easter in Poland
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Easter in Poland
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9 may
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9 may
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Polish national holidays
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Polish national holidays
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martedì 16 giugno 2009
Music and art
Music and art
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Inspired by Vivaldi's Spring, the students have researched the works of artists who painted the spring
lunedì 15 giugno 2009
Paper
A stack of manila paper
Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon or for packaging. It is produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.
Paper is a versatile material with many uses. Whilst the most common is for writing and printing upon, it is also widely used as a packaging material, in many cleaning products, in a number of industrial and construction processes, and occasionally as a food ingredient, particularly in Asian cultures.
History
The word paper derives from the Greek term for the ancient Egyptian writing material called papyrus, which was formed from beaten strips of papyrus plants. The immediate predecessor to modern paper is believed to have originated in China in approximately the 2nd century CE, although there is some evidence for it being used before this date. Papermaking is considered to be one of the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China, since the first papermaking process was developed in China during the early 2nd century CE by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun. China used paper as an effective and cheap alternative to silk, letting them sell more silk, leading to a Golden Age. The use of paper spread from China through the Islamic world, and entered production in Europe in the early 12th century. Mechanized production of paper in the early 19th century caused significant cultural changes worldwide, allowing for relatively cheap exchange of information in the form of letters, newspapers and books for the first time.
Papermaking
Chemical pulping
Main articles: kraft process, sulfite process, and soda pulping
The purpose of a chemical pulping process is to break down the chemical structure of lignin and render it soluble in the cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose fibers. Because lignin holds the plant cells together, chemical pulping frees the fibres and makes pulp. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper for printing, painting and writing. Chemical pulps tend to cost more than mechanical pulps, largely due to the low yield, 40–50% of the original wood. Since the process preserves fibre length, however, chemical pulps tend to make stronger paper. Another advantage of chemical pulping is that the majority of the heat and electricity needed to run the process is produced by burning the lignin removed during pulping.
Papers made from chemical wood-based pulps are also known as woodfree papers.
The Kraft process is the most commonly practiced strategy for pulp manufacturing and produces especially strong, unbleached papers that can be used directly for bags and boxes but are often processed further, e.g. to make corrugated cardboard.
Mechanical pulping
There are two major mechanical pulps, thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and mechanical pulp. The latter is known in the USA as groundwood pulp. In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam-heated refiners where the chips are squeezed and fibreized between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones and fibreized. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, but also causes paper made from this pulp to yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibre lengths and produce weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanical pulp, it costs less than chemical pulp.
Recycled paper
Paper recycling processes can use either chemical or mechanical pulp. By mixing with water and applying mechanical action the hydrogen bonds in the paper can be broken and fibres separated again. Most recycled paper contains a proportion of virgin fibre in the interests of quality.
There are three main classifications of recycled fibre:.
• Mill Broke or Internal Mill Waste — this incorporates any substandard or grade-change paper made within the paper mill which then goes back into the manufacturing system to be repulped back into paper. Such out-of-specification paper is not sold and is therefore often not classified as genuine reclaimed recycled fibre. However, most paper mills have been recycling their own waste fibre for many years, long before recycling become popular.
• Preconsumer Waste — this is offcuts and processing waste, such as guillotine trims and envelope blank waste. This waste is generated outside the paper mill and could potentially go to landfill, and is a genuine recycled fibre source. Also includes de-inked preconsumer (recycled material that has been printed but did not reach its intended end use, such as waste from printers and unsold publications). [1]
• Postconsumer waste — this is fibre from paper which has been used for its intended end use and would include office waste, magazine papers and newsprint. As the vast majority of this paper has been printed (either digitally or by more conventional means such as litho or gravure), it will either be recycled as printed paper or go through a de-inking process first.
Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp. Recycled papers are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from virgin pulp.
Additives
Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve the characteristics of the paper for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed into the pulp and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process. The purpose of sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit the ink or paint.
Drying
After the paper web is produced, the water must be removed from it by pressing and drying.
Pressing the sheet removes the water by force. Once the water is forced from the sheet, felt (not to be confused with the traditional felt) is used to collect the water. When making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used.
Drying involves using air and or heat to remove water from the paper sheet. In the earliest days of papermaking this was done by hanging the paper sheets like laundry. In more modern times, various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine, the most common is the steam-heated can dryer. These dryers can heat to temperatures above 200°F (93°C) and are used in long sequences of more than 40 cans. The heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than 6% moisture.
Finishing
The paper may then undergo sizing to alter its physical properties for use in various applications.
Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image.
The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet.
All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine.
Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders.[2]
Applications
A Paper cutter
• To write or print on: the piece of paper becomes a document; this may be for keeping a record (or in the case of printing from a computer or copying from another paper: an additional record) and for communication; see also reading.
Paper can be produced with a wide variety of properties, depending on its intended use.[3]
• To represent a value: paper money, bank note, cheque, security (see Security paper), voucher and ticket
• For storing information: book, notebook, magazine, newspaper, art, zine, letter
o for personal use: diary, note to remind oneself, etc.; for temporary personal use: scratch paper
o for communication to someone else:
by transportation of the paper from the place where it is written or printed to the place where it is read: delivered by sender, transported by a third party (e.g. in the case of mail), or taken by the receiver
by writing at the same place as where it is read:
if sender and receiver are not there at the same time, in the case of a posted notice
if sender and receiver are both present, but use paper for illustration, or if communication by talking is not suitable:
because one is mute or the other is deaf
to avoid other people hearing it, because it is secret, or in order not to disturb them
in a noisy environment
• For packaging: corrugated box, paper bag, envelope, wrapping tissue, Charta emporetica and wallpaper
• For cleaning: toilet paper, handkerchiefs, paper towels, facial tissue and cat litter
• For construction: papier-mâché, origami, paper planes, quilling, Paper honeycomb, used as a core material in composite materials, paper engineering, construction paper and clothing
• Other uses: emery paper, sandpaper, blotting paper, litmus paper, universal indicator paper, paper chromatography, electrical insulation paper (see also dielectrics and permittivity) and filter paper
Types, thickness and weight
Card and paper stock for craft use comes in a wide variety of textures and colors.
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch.[4] Paper may be between 0.07 millimetres (0.0028 in) and 0.18 millimetres (0.0071 in) thick.[5]
Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8½ x 11" paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces.[6] In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.
The 8.5" x 11" size stems from the original size of a vat that was used to make paper.[citation needed] At the time, paper was made from passing a fiber and water slurry through a screen at the bottom of a box. The box was 17" deep and 44" wide. That sheet, folded in half in the long direction, then twice in the opposite direction, made a sheet of paper that was exactly 8.5" x 11".
In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness.
The sizing system in Europe is based on common width to height ratios for different paper sizes. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).
The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/ft3) for tissue paper to 1500 kg/m3 (94 lb/ft3) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/ft3).[7]
Some types of paper include:
• Bank paper
• Banana paper
• Bond paper
• Book paper
• Coated paper: glossy and matte surface
• Construction paper/sugar paper
• Cotton paper
• Electronic paper
• Fish paper (Vulcanized fibres for electrical insulation)
• Inkjet paper
• Kraft paper
• Laid paper
• Leather paper
• mummy paper
• sandpaper
• Tyvek paper
• Paper towels
• Wallpaper
• Washi
• Wax paper
• Wove paper
The future of paper
Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging made out of paper, known commercially as paperfoam. The packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper. [8]
With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags. [9]
Also, synthetics such as Tyvek and Teslin have been introduced as printing media as a more durable material than paper.
domenica 14 giugno 2009
Games - Play in antiquity
The game, a fascinating topic that occupies an important part of our existence. Although not all have done the same way, no man who has not passed as part of his time. To play always and at all ages, but of course games and interests vary. The adult baby and man do not have identical tastes and does not relax the same way: for the child in the bands are colored rattle ol'animaletto an introduction to life, sounds simple and familiar, and the distraction to the enjoyment of pure a beloved object, and past a certain age, you start to look more complicated hobbies that require a certain skill and provide a competition.
The game is as old as the world, is part of and necessary. Also in the caves had to play, although not with real toys. Probably you used what nature offered: pebbles, shells, sticks. There was no time to lose to beautify, not games that were then able to leave the track. On the other hand at that time life was short and difficult, and almost all the efforts of cavernicoli had to focus in their search for food and, very often for them, the dangers and toil of hunting were added those of the defense of prey caught.
Thus, the youngest of the few free moments that were not devoted to sleep, or that were not spent in helping the tribes in the small daily tasks, such as the collection of herbs and transport of water, were probably used in measuring up companions in the animated body to body or nell'esibirsi in imaginative imitations of the hunters. The more you play, they were prepared to fight for an existence that there are hard and dangerous for everyone. Do not know how to fight or how to capture the prey would have meant certain death. In every age the child was a good game preparation for life. With the centuries changed the problems and situations - and continue to change even now - so they are also adapted modes of play. Today for example, hunting is no longer the importance it had in prehistoric times, and no more fighting with guns or arquebuses ball while it is essential to know how to quickly use a wide range of technological tools. So if once the kids are practicing with a bow, arrows and traps, today the young are much maligned engage in videogames: on the other hand they are a good preparation to face a series of maneuvers and issues that require concentration, speed decision making and coordination of movements. As you see, every time the world was his playground and they were always different and adapted to age and gender of the players.
How you played in antiquity, and what were the favorite games in that time, we see objects that emerge from the excavations and the representations that are found in pottery and bas-reliefs adorn posts to the graves of deceased children.
MEDIEVAL ANCIENT GAMES
________________________________________
In the Italian cities of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries was practiced a wide variety of games of chance with dice or with other instruments and the pleasure of playing inspired new inventions, these games were added, then those with the cards, another great fun game of chance. These games all belong to the category of pure chance, ie the category of games banned in the medieval period. Other games, like chess, instead requiring a certain skill, then were allowed, provided they are practiced in open places, namely in the squares and streets. It is played everywhere: loggias, arcades, and above all the cross streets with markets were the focal points of the play, and private houses, shops, the semi-spaces were forbidden places to play. In fact, both the civil and ecclesiastical authorities will act against gambling, the reason for the frequent quarrels, the fights, fraud and imprecations against God, who often felt in the places where they played. In addition to this we wanted to avoid the destruction of people who lost every game to have!
One of the places where the game was most popular was the Tavern. In major cities of that era usually find different, but there were also "taverne mobile", consisting of a wagon, barrels of wine, a stool, by which a host is moved from a fair to the other. The signs, painted the entrance, were usually dedicated to animals: The Falco Bianco, Falco d'Oro, Il Pavone, etc.. With the wine, which flowed a river, the words "flying" free, even in this case, often related to the game of dice, the fights were frequent.
A number of games and sport in question was reserved for nobility. Children playing with pebbles, blades of grass, shells, or with tufts of flax or hemp with which built dolls. Staves recover from shops, making circles and transformed into balls of clay pots in the kitchen rubacchiati or pig bladders that their father gave them when the pigs killed. The artisans making clay whistles in the shape of birds and bird animated metal. Tops manufactured dolls and clay or wood. Another toy was the wings sculpted to reel in a large walnut, or more elaborate small windmills made by the children themselves. The figurines were made of wood, clay or lead and did not have the softness of fur: the preferences were for "peluches" in flesh and bones. Children are happy to offer pet instead, girls, domesticated squirrels or birds in cages. The young aristocrats children prefer to have a hawk, soon learn to grow, the children instead of some castle play with monkeys. Games of skill were made with animellas, ie stone fruit and ruellas (discs run as far as possible). The toy is being used to target those who use them to their future profession or trade. The children themselves are sensitive to this educational game and the toys on the beach when they are the future riders build sand castles, while children who are able to be used for the religious life of the building rather Abbey. They give you small boats, miniature bows, wooden swords and always stick to the horse-riding to be running. Classic gifts for girls are Canocchi miniature and a bucket to draw water. For the little ones who lived in the countryside, was presented stilts, the wooden carts miniature drag from the yard of the farm and miniature boats carved in wood and designed with a hole in the bow, but you can pull in the channels with the aid of cords. Games and toys apply in hundreds of manuscripts, frescoes and sculptures because their performance was highly appreciated by the nobility that from the fourteenth century do not hesitate to adorn their castles and upholstery with silver having to subject the play of children.
The games are generally divided into:
• Roundabouts
• Championship
• Carousel
• Pas d'Arme
• Hunting
Caccia col falcone
• Pallacorda
• Chess
• Soccer
• Palio
• Nuts
• Cards
FILLET O MULINO
This is a game that has very ancient origins. The game of the mill is for two people. Each has nine pieces, white and black, which will put 24 points on the board. Before you play a lot you pull the first move. At first the players must have in turn each of their nine pieces on a chessboard free. Then, when the pieces have been positioned, the pawns are moving towards the adjacent points free. The goal of the game is to form the "mills" a file of three pieces ( "fillet"). Every time a player completes a "windmill" takes away from the game an enemy piece.
________________________________________
DOLLS IN THE MIDDLE AGES
There were different types of dolls, each suited to a different age. Those intended for babies were not very expensive, roughly modeled nell'argilla were filled with balls of clay and used as rattles. The girls of two or three years to get a wrap for this reason they are received intact until today. In Italy there are reports of wooden dolls-size, plus dummies, balocchi intended to appear at fairs. In an era dominated by magic, pupae were made with the roots of the mandrake. Other wax, probably brought to Europe by the Crusaders, served to obscure incantations: the popular fantasy dolls were intended to defeat enemies in the dark black masses.
________________________________________
The DICE
The Roman word alea, meaning dice faces six episodes 1 to 6, in the Middle Ages lost its meaning to become synonymous with the donor or game of chance and skill based on the use of a board of checkers and dice is the Ludus Tabularum or play the tables.
The same is Petrarch called the game of the tables "alea de ludus et calculorum"
Medieval coins a new word derived from the name of the foot bone of the rear leg of lambs (Talus), this word is medieval TAXILLUS nut!
________________________________________
THE ZADAR
We can say that it still occurs in our speech when we talk about games of chance.
Gambling
azzardum
zardum
zarrum
ZARA
For zara game (ludus azarj) need three 6-sided dice and a table plan (and a lot of money to lose because we played the underpants) during the game, the player calls a number and wins if the sum of the three dice run is equal to the number called Bets could be made relying on the money numbers written on the table as in a modern roulette, according to the combination exits the players saying the words AZAR Punctum PARTIES or others who often used to mask the game also prohibited, under the attentive ears of bailiffs time since with three dice combinations that can be manifest in one way more often are 1, 4, 17, 18 AZAR these calls were not included in the game
That the word represents the combination zara bad it can be inferred also dall'antichissimo proverb
"zara who has to play"
________________________________________
THE SOZUM
Quite simply he was the winner with three dice that was the highest number
________________________________________
LA MURBIOLA
Identical to zara only instead of numbers there could be some figures on the card on which the money was aimed
________________________________________
THE MYSTERY
It is not possible to accurately reconstruct the rules by which we played at the tables
________________________________________
Outperforms OR THE ROYAL TABLE
E 'for all intents and purposes the only variant of the game tables come down to us and to secure medieval
"Playground of the table with dice and thirty two checkers on a board with red and white arrows in which the winner is the one who first cleared the field by its own pawns"
________________________________________
The spinning top
A typical child's play in which a wooden spinning top was made by rolling a piece of rope tied to a wooden handle (we suspect from our parents and we found that Tops had their peaks of iron and that the boy whose top was standing longer had the right to strike with the tip of his top spinning top of the other, a top unbruised witness so the top most skilled).
In the hands of an adult becomes the top game of chance: he drew a circle on the ground and was betting on his ability to keep within its top in rotation.
________________________________________
THE OSSETTI
Other very old game, for children in the Easter period, was to obtain a certain number of shin / shank of lamb bleached in a porno in the back of the hand and the other to the ground, air-launched in the first one had racoglierne another surface, and Try out the fly: it went so with two OSSETTI in the air, then three four etc.
You bet he liked that too.
________________________________________
GAMES WITH THE BALL
These numerous flower for both children and adults, taking in these cases often violent.
We have therefore a kind of hokey played with leather balls and wooden clubs (and clubs not only beat the ball and almost never was unintentional errors)
Among the toys we remember the similar to what we called "wall", which in turn throw the ball against a wall with the intention of preventing the opponent to take.
________________________________________
LA RUZZOLA
Take a string of rope flat, a type of hard cheese or a round of wood, rolled the string around the diameter of the cheese and launch it before you roll it, this was where ruzzola won, along the roads of the country, who reached farther.
________________________________________
Palette, TILES, SKITTLES, CONI, Pallottole
With these names were called the games of the launch of significant items which could now be bowls or launching a horseshoe.
We want to mention one in particular: LA LIPPI whereby strike on one end of a stick resting on the ground with a stick longer and then run, striking again in the air, as far as possible.
Research work conducted by Giuseppe Giancotti
Class I sez B
The game is as old as the world, is part of and necessary. Also in the caves had to play, although not with real toys. Probably you used what nature offered: pebbles, shells, sticks. There was no time to lose to beautify, not games that were then able to leave the track. On the other hand at that time life was short and difficult, and almost all the efforts of cavernicoli had to focus in their search for food and, very often for them, the dangers and toil of hunting were added those of the defense of prey caught.
Thus, the youngest of the few free moments that were not devoted to sleep, or that were not spent in helping the tribes in the small daily tasks, such as the collection of herbs and transport of water, were probably used in measuring up companions in the animated body to body or nell'esibirsi in imaginative imitations of the hunters. The more you play, they were prepared to fight for an existence that there are hard and dangerous for everyone. Do not know how to fight or how to capture the prey would have meant certain death. In every age the child was a good game preparation for life. With the centuries changed the problems and situations - and continue to change even now - so they are also adapted modes of play. Today for example, hunting is no longer the importance it had in prehistoric times, and no more fighting with guns or arquebuses ball while it is essential to know how to quickly use a wide range of technological tools. So if once the kids are practicing with a bow, arrows and traps, today the young are much maligned engage in videogames: on the other hand they are a good preparation to face a series of maneuvers and issues that require concentration, speed decision making and coordination of movements. As you see, every time the world was his playground and they were always different and adapted to age and gender of the players.
How you played in antiquity, and what were the favorite games in that time, we see objects that emerge from the excavations and the representations that are found in pottery and bas-reliefs adorn posts to the graves of deceased children.
MEDIEVAL ANCIENT GAMES
________________________________________
In the Italian cities of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries was practiced a wide variety of games of chance with dice or with other instruments and the pleasure of playing inspired new inventions, these games were added, then those with the cards, another great fun game of chance. These games all belong to the category of pure chance, ie the category of games banned in the medieval period. Other games, like chess, instead requiring a certain skill, then were allowed, provided they are practiced in open places, namely in the squares and streets. It is played everywhere: loggias, arcades, and above all the cross streets with markets were the focal points of the play, and private houses, shops, the semi-spaces were forbidden places to play. In fact, both the civil and ecclesiastical authorities will act against gambling, the reason for the frequent quarrels, the fights, fraud and imprecations against God, who often felt in the places where they played. In addition to this we wanted to avoid the destruction of people who lost every game to have!
One of the places where the game was most popular was the Tavern. In major cities of that era usually find different, but there were also "taverne mobile", consisting of a wagon, barrels of wine, a stool, by which a host is moved from a fair to the other. The signs, painted the entrance, were usually dedicated to animals: The Falco Bianco, Falco d'Oro, Il Pavone, etc.. With the wine, which flowed a river, the words "flying" free, even in this case, often related to the game of dice, the fights were frequent.
A number of games and sport in question was reserved for nobility. Children playing with pebbles, blades of grass, shells, or with tufts of flax or hemp with which built dolls. Staves recover from shops, making circles and transformed into balls of clay pots in the kitchen rubacchiati or pig bladders that their father gave them when the pigs killed. The artisans making clay whistles in the shape of birds and bird animated metal. Tops manufactured dolls and clay or wood. Another toy was the wings sculpted to reel in a large walnut, or more elaborate small windmills made by the children themselves. The figurines were made of wood, clay or lead and did not have the softness of fur: the preferences were for "peluches" in flesh and bones. Children are happy to offer pet instead, girls, domesticated squirrels or birds in cages. The young aristocrats children prefer to have a hawk, soon learn to grow, the children instead of some castle play with monkeys. Games of skill were made with animellas, ie stone fruit and ruellas (discs run as far as possible). The toy is being used to target those who use them to their future profession or trade. The children themselves are sensitive to this educational game and the toys on the beach when they are the future riders build sand castles, while children who are able to be used for the religious life of the building rather Abbey. They give you small boats, miniature bows, wooden swords and always stick to the horse-riding to be running. Classic gifts for girls are Canocchi miniature and a bucket to draw water. For the little ones who lived in the countryside, was presented stilts, the wooden carts miniature drag from the yard of the farm and miniature boats carved in wood and designed with a hole in the bow, but you can pull in the channels with the aid of cords. Games and toys apply in hundreds of manuscripts, frescoes and sculptures because their performance was highly appreciated by the nobility that from the fourteenth century do not hesitate to adorn their castles and upholstery with silver having to subject the play of children.
The games are generally divided into:
• Roundabouts
• Championship
• Carousel
• Pas d'Arme
• Hunting
Caccia col falcone
• Pallacorda
• Chess
• Soccer
• Palio
• Nuts
• Cards
FILLET O MULINO
This is a game that has very ancient origins. The game of the mill is for two people. Each has nine pieces, white and black, which will put 24 points on the board. Before you play a lot you pull the first move. At first the players must have in turn each of their nine pieces on a chessboard free. Then, when the pieces have been positioned, the pawns are moving towards the adjacent points free. The goal of the game is to form the "mills" a file of three pieces ( "fillet"). Every time a player completes a "windmill" takes away from the game an enemy piece.
________________________________________
DOLLS IN THE MIDDLE AGES
There were different types of dolls, each suited to a different age. Those intended for babies were not very expensive, roughly modeled nell'argilla were filled with balls of clay and used as rattles. The girls of two or three years to get a wrap for this reason they are received intact until today. In Italy there are reports of wooden dolls-size, plus dummies, balocchi intended to appear at fairs. In an era dominated by magic, pupae were made with the roots of the mandrake. Other wax, probably brought to Europe by the Crusaders, served to obscure incantations: the popular fantasy dolls were intended to defeat enemies in the dark black masses.
________________________________________
The DICE
The Roman word alea, meaning dice faces six episodes 1 to 6, in the Middle Ages lost its meaning to become synonymous with the donor or game of chance and skill based on the use of a board of checkers and dice is the Ludus Tabularum or play the tables.
The same is Petrarch called the game of the tables "alea de ludus et calculorum"
Medieval coins a new word derived from the name of the foot bone of the rear leg of lambs (Talus), this word is medieval TAXILLUS nut!
________________________________________
THE ZADAR
We can say that it still occurs in our speech when we talk about games of chance.
Gambling
azzardum
zardum
zarrum
ZARA
For zara game (ludus azarj) need three 6-sided dice and a table plan (and a lot of money to lose because we played the underpants) during the game, the player calls a number and wins if the sum of the three dice run is equal to the number called Bets could be made relying on the money numbers written on the table as in a modern roulette, according to the combination exits the players saying the words AZAR Punctum PARTIES or others who often used to mask the game also prohibited, under the attentive ears of bailiffs time since with three dice combinations that can be manifest in one way more often are 1, 4, 17, 18 AZAR these calls were not included in the game
That the word represents the combination zara bad it can be inferred also dall'antichissimo proverb
"zara who has to play"
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THE SOZUM
Quite simply he was the winner with three dice that was the highest number
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LA MURBIOLA
Identical to zara only instead of numbers there could be some figures on the card on which the money was aimed
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THE MYSTERY
It is not possible to accurately reconstruct the rules by which we played at the tables
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Outperforms OR THE ROYAL TABLE
E 'for all intents and purposes the only variant of the game tables come down to us and to secure medieval
"Playground of the table with dice and thirty two checkers on a board with red and white arrows in which the winner is the one who first cleared the field by its own pawns"
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The spinning top
A typical child's play in which a wooden spinning top was made by rolling a piece of rope tied to a wooden handle (we suspect from our parents and we found that Tops had their peaks of iron and that the boy whose top was standing longer had the right to strike with the tip of his top spinning top of the other, a top unbruised witness so the top most skilled).
In the hands of an adult becomes the top game of chance: he drew a circle on the ground and was betting on his ability to keep within its top in rotation.
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THE OSSETTI
Other very old game, for children in the Easter period, was to obtain a certain number of shin / shank of lamb bleached in a porno in the back of the hand and the other to the ground, air-launched in the first one had racoglierne another surface, and Try out the fly: it went so with two OSSETTI in the air, then three four etc.
You bet he liked that too.
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GAMES WITH THE BALL
These numerous flower for both children and adults, taking in these cases often violent.
We have therefore a kind of hokey played with leather balls and wooden clubs (and clubs not only beat the ball and almost never was unintentional errors)
Among the toys we remember the similar to what we called "wall", which in turn throw the ball against a wall with the intention of preventing the opponent to take.
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LA RUZZOLA
Take a string of rope flat, a type of hard cheese or a round of wood, rolled the string around the diameter of the cheese and launch it before you roll it, this was where ruzzola won, along the roads of the country, who reached farther.
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Palette, TILES, SKITTLES, CONI, Pallottole
With these names were called the games of the launch of significant items which could now be bowls or launching a horseshoe.
We want to mention one in particular: LA LIPPI whereby strike on one end of a stick resting on the ground with a stick longer and then run, striking again in the air, as far as possible.
Research work conducted by Giuseppe Giancotti
Class I sez B
La mia pace
Grandi sogni ho;
con la speranza che si realizzino.
Questo mondo è governato
dalla guerra gelida
e solo noi, tutti insieme,
saremo come una
luce incandescente
e spegneremo l’odio
che si cela negli occhi
dell’uomo.
Fogli e fogli volano
per la città
con su scritto
“ Via la guerra, viva la pace “
ma ciò lo otterremo
con la forza di lottare,
con il potere di andare avanti,
con l’impegno e con il sudore
e non con inutili
pezzi di carta.
Combattiamo, scacciamo la guerra;
alleiamoci e formeremo
un guerriero
in grado di vincere.
Impegniamoci uomini e
vedremo che insieme vinceremo e
faremo vivere i nostri figli
in pace e serenità.
Alessandro Scardicchio
Classe V Sez. B
con la speranza che si realizzino.
Questo mondo è governato
dalla guerra gelida
e solo noi, tutti insieme,
saremo come una
luce incandescente
e spegneremo l’odio
che si cela negli occhi
dell’uomo.
Fogli e fogli volano
per la città
con su scritto
“ Via la guerra, viva la pace “
ma ciò lo otterremo
con la forza di lottare,
con il potere di andare avanti,
con l’impegno e con il sudore
e non con inutili
pezzi di carta.
Combattiamo, scacciamo la guerra;
alleiamoci e formeremo
un guerriero
in grado di vincere.
Impegniamoci uomini e
vedremo che insieme vinceremo e
faremo vivere i nostri figli
in pace e serenità.
Alessandro Scardicchio
Classe V Sez. B
My peace
I have always dreamed
peace throughout my
that in a moment,
Fast as the wind,
SEND war on.
The poor children
go to school
and protected, loved ...
will be.
The injustices of the world will disappear
because too many people are suffering.
The wars will disappear
and children will no longer work.
Then you'll love ...
my peace?
Stefano Leto
Classe V B
I.C. “M.G. Cutuli”
Crotone
peace throughout my
that in a moment,
Fast as the wind,
SEND war on.
The poor children
go to school
and protected, loved ...
will be.
The injustices of the world will disappear
because too many people are suffering.
The wars will disappear
and children will no longer work.
Then you'll love ...
my peace?
Stefano Leto
Classe V B
I.C. “M.G. Cutuli”
Crotone
Looking ahead through the Eyes of Interactive Education
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